Ko ēhea ngā kāpata MV e tō ana mō ngā kaupapa whakatere hiko kaha-kaha?

Ko te Kainaha Matua o te Whakawhitinga MV i te Whakamaru Pūnaha me te Tōrongo Whakahaere

Ko ngā taputapu whakahaere taura hiko waenganui te kaiwhakakaha i ngā pūnaha whakauru hiko i te taura hiko waenganui, ka rite ki te wehenga hiko, te whakakaha i ngā whara, me te whakahaere i ngā kawenga. Ka tiaki ēnei taputapu i ngā whakawhanaketanga matua mai i ngā whakarewa poka herekau me ngā taura hiko pāpaku, kia mau tonu ai te aronga o ngā mahi hoki kei ngā wāhi e kore e taea te noho tārore, pērā i ngā whare hauora, ngā pūnaha rara tārua, me ngā whare whakapaku hiko whakahirahira. Ko ngā taputapu hou ka tūhono atu ki ngā pātene hiko whai mātauranga me ngā tātari whakamaru e mōhiotia ai ngā raruraru tūmatanui ka taea e koe te whakakaha i mua i te pakaru tere ake i te pūnaha. Ko ngā kamupene hiko i whakapai ake ki ngā tauira matihiko o ngā taputapu whakahaere taura hiko waenganui i kitea e rite ki te 30% te iti ake i ngā tauira tawhito kua whakaputua e Plant Engineering te puka i te tau ki muri. Ko te whakapai ake i ēnei ka tino āwhina i te whakauru i te hiko tūturu ki te tāone.

Ko te whakauru ki ngā Tāone me ngā Taura Hiko Ahumoni: Ko te tauira ko Tokyo Electric Power

Ko ngā tāone kua whai ake i te nui o te kainoho e hiahiatia ana kia whakamahia ngā taputapu hurihanga e penapena ana i te wāhi, kia taea ai e ngā whare hurihanga te noho ki ngā wāhi iti nei, arā ki ngā wāhi e tautoko ana i ngā wharepaku, e whakahaere ana i ngā rautaki tōmau i te tāone, ā, e āwhina ana hoki i te hanga kaupapa tāone inthanet. Hei tauira, ko Tokyo Electric Power i whakakapi i ngā taputapu tawhito ki ngā taputapu hurihanga isoit hau (GIS) i te tau ki muri. I iti ake te nui o te wāhi i te whenua i te 60% i ia whare hurihanga, ā, i te wā kotahi i aki ai i ngā utu 22 kilovolt. Kei ngā takiwā hoki e whakamahia ana ngā taputapu hurihanga ā-huinga, i te mea he nui ngā kamupene e hiahiatia ana kia whakapū te nui o ngā taputapu rātou ko ngā kāpua arawa, ā, ko ngā wheketere katoa e hanga ana i ngā pākahiko waka hiko. Ko te āhua whakamātau ake o ngā pūnaha ā-rite nei ko te āhua pai o te mahi tahi ki te pūmahara hiko whakarewa a Japan me te kore e whakapōuri i te tūponotia o te tātātanga hiko.

Ngā Tōrere Matihiko: Te Whai Mōhio ā-Ipurangi me te Whakauru Tūponotia o te Hiko

Kua whakauruhia kē ngā kaihanga hiko hiko kaha o nui nei ki ngā kaiwhakauru ipurangi me ngā pātene kapua e mātai ana i ngā mea pērā i te whakakaha o te whakakaha, te wear pāpāho, me te huihu hau. Kātahi ka taea e ngā punaha whakahaere ake te whakauru i ngā tau o te mahi, ā, kātahi ka iti ake te tāpiri atu i te 45% i ngā kāpua kore e hiahia ana, e ai ki ngā ripoata o te umanga i te tau 2024. I te nuinga o te pānga ki te haumaru o te whatunga i te wā e whakakaha ai i te whakahaere ake i ngā wāhi tūmatanui, kei te hurihia e ngā kamupene hiko ngā taputapu e whai tikanga ana i ngā here o te whatunga smart. Hei tauira, kua eke kē tētahi kamupene hiko o Ūropi ki te 99.98% tūponotia o te punaha i muri i te whakauru i ngā taputapu ki ngā āhuatanga o te whakauru kaha. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te nui ake o te mahi ake i te wā e whai wāhi ana ngā kaiwhakahaere ki ēnei whakapai ake matihiko, ā, āwhina hoki i te wā hiato kia pāpaku ake te aronga ki te taiao.

Ngā Momo Matua o te Whakauru Hiko Hiko mō ngā Whatunga Tukatuka Tuatahi me te Tuarua

Ko te Rerekētanga o ngā Taura Whakauru Metā-whakapiripiri ki te Metā-whakakī (ATR): Ngā Tāone Whakahaere me ngā Whakamahinga

Ko te taura whakauru metā-whakapiripiri tāwhai hiko he wāhi wehenga tākarotia me ngā wāhanga ka taea te tango māmā, e whakapai ake ai i te wā mā te haumaru ake i te whakatika. Kei te pai tēnei momo tōrō ki ngā whakawhitinga huihuinga heke hoki ki te rā katoa. I te tuarua, ko te taura whakauru metā-whakakī ATR e whakakī ana i te katoa ki roto i te pouaka kotahi e whenua ana me kāore he wāhanga nekeneke, e iti ake ai te wāhi e hiahiatia ana i ngā whakawhitinga atu. Ko te rasona ka tīmata ngā kaupapa huihuinga o te tāone ki te whiriwhiri i tēnei huarahi ahakoa ētahi here. I te tau ki muri i te whakapai ake e te whakawhitinga hiko waihanga ki te tāone o Texas ki ngā tāhuhu metā-whakapiripiri, i te rite ki te Pukapuka Hiko Huihuinga 2023, i heke te wā kore whakamahinga i te tau katoa ki te 15%. Ko te āhua momotuata o ēnei punaha e whakaponoa ana ina huringa ki ngā tikanga whakahaere uaua ki ngā huihuinga rerekē.

Ngā Hoahoa Momotuata mō te Tukatuka Tuarua Kōaro: Ngā Kaupapa Hōu Neke Atu

Ko ngā taputapu whakauru MV takitahi me ngā wāhanga pāpaku i hangaia i mua me ngā hononga tūturu e whakawhanui ai te āheinga ki ngā whanaketanga hokohoko me ngā tāone e whai pānga ana ki te hauora. Āwhina tēnei ara i ngā whakapai ake pakanga kāore he huringa anō hui. Kua nui ake te āheinga o ēnei taputapu ki te rere o te hiko ki ngā ara e rua, nō reira he tino pai ki ngā rōtā huinga takitahi e whakahaerehia ana e ngā whakaputanga me te rokiroki tārua.

Tauira Kei Tua: Whakapai ake i ngā Whare Hiko Huihuinga Hiko ki ngā Taputapu Whakauru MV (Texas, USA)

I whakakapihia e tētahi whare whakapai hiko i Texas ngā taputapu whakauru mai i ngā tau 1980 ki ngā pūnaha hou ake e tino whakauru ana i te 25 kA hiko whakatoro, i te whakatika i ngā raru tōrō ake i te wā e rere ana te rahi. Ko te whakapai ake i whai wāhi mai te kōpaki e herea ai te mātā me ngā kaiwhakauru IoT kua whai wāhi, i te whakaiti i te 40% o ngā haora tiaki i ngā tau 18.

Aratohu Tīpako: Whakatau i te Momo Taputapu Whakauru ki te Whārangi Tāpoi me te Hiko Whakatoro

Ko te tīpako i te taputapu MV tika he whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga e whā:

1. Ngā rereketanga o te tāpoi : Ko ngā whakauru e huri kaha ana me huri i te waa e 100+ ia rā
2. Ahuatanga hapa : Ko te tata ki ngā puna hāngai e here ana i te whakakaha whakakaha ≥25 kA
3. Taiao : Ko ngā whakauru tai moana e here ana i te kōpaki IP54 hei tūkino i te mu tangaroa
4. Ngā whakaaro whakawhanake : Ko ngā punaha takitahi e whai kaha ana i te 30% iti ake te utu o te otinga kaiwhakamahi i ngā whakakapi ake tawhio (Pūrongo Hanga Whakawhitinga, 2023)

Air-Insulated vs Gas-Insulated MV Switchgear: Mahi me ngā Whakawhitinga Taiao

Te Whakawhitinga i te AIS me te GIS: Takotoranga, Whakahaere, me ngā Utu Otinga

Ko te tapatapatau whakawhitinga hau, te tikanga hau ranei (AIS) e mōhiotia ana, ka whakamahia te hau noa hei whakauru. Ko te tikanga, ka rite ki te toru ki te rima ngā wā te nui ake o te wāhi tata ki te tapatapatau whakawhitinga kirihi (GIS). Mō ngā wāhi e kore ana he take ki te wāhi pērā i ngā takiwā noho-mara, he tika a AIS ki te tāone moni. Engari ina kōrero ana mātou mo ngā tāone e tata ana te mita tapawhā kia whā, kāore i te tika a AIS kia tāwhai i te kaupapa. Ko ngā punaha whakawhitinga kirihi e whakamahi ana i te kirihi rānei (SF6) kei te whakamahia. E 90% te iti ake o ngā punaha e whakawhitinga SF6 i te wāhi, engari he utu tāpiri tātou i te 40 ki te 60% te nui ake i ngā ripoata IEC 2023. Ina tātari koe ki ngā wherewhere o ia rā, he wehe kē te whakahaere hoki. Me tirohia te tapatapatau AIS mō te paru me ngā parakiru i ia toru marama. Ko te whakahaere GIS ka hiahiatia te arotake motuhake mō te kaha o te kirihi i ia rua, tawhio noa ki te toru tau, kia rite ki te tikanga.

Ngā here taiao me ngā here whakahaere SF6

Kei te noho a SF6 hau ki te tata ki te 85% o te katoa o ngā punaha GIS kei te ao, engari kei te kai whakapā anō pea koe i tana kaha ki te whakapapa i te huringa ahuwhenua e 23,500 neke atu i te rite ki te hau carbon dioxide e ai ki ngā tau a EPA i te 2022. Kāore i te noho noa te European Union i runga i tēnei, kei te āki hoki ā rātou F-Gas e whakaiti i te whakamahinga SF6 ki te rua tuatoru ki mua i te 2030. Ā, kaua hoki e wareware ngā rahi rawa o ngā whiwhinga e tātari ana mō te katoa e whakaputangia ai tēnei mea ki te hau - e eke ana ngā whiwhinga ki te hawhe tāra piriona. Na ēnei mōrearea, kei te māwhakawā atu maha o ngā kamupene ki ngā kōwhiringa haumaru ake mō te whakamau, ina heke ki te whakamahi i ngā takotoranga hau tāwhai, ina heke ki te nitrogen.

Tuhinga o te whakamātau: Whakaputanga GIS ki ngā wāhi kato

Ko te kaha o te rereke rautaki nui i te whakapumau 99.98% i te wā i whakakapi tātou i te AIS ki te GIS i runga i ngā 42 pātī. I iti ake te rahi o te pātī 75%, nui hoki te nuinga o ngā kaupapa tunu e iti ake i te 5 mita te teitei. Heoi anō, i piki ake ngā utu whakahaere i ia tau 18% nō te here o te whakahaere SF6.

Te āpiti o te whakamānuka: Ngā Dielectrics Taumaha me ngā Tikanga Whakawehe Awhau

Kei te paku atu te nuinga ki te taputapu whakamutu kaha (SIS) me ngā kaitiaki hau wātea kia iti ake ai te whakamahi i te sulfur hexafluoride i ngā pūmahara kaha kē atu nei. Kei te kōrero tātou i te 92% te iti ake i ngā tikanga tawhito. Mō ngā kaimahi i te 24 kV, he iti ake te utu ake te taputapu SIS i te wā roa, e 22% iti ake te utu i ngā taputapu whakamunangia ki te hau. Anō he iti noa ngā putanga ki te taiao mai i ēnei taputapu, he iti ake i te haurua o te tāpiritanga i te piriona. Ki te āpiti, e whakapono ana mātātoa maha he rautaki huinga e whakakotahi ana i te hau wātea me te kābona heke i te taputapu kaha ka rite ki te haurua o ngā whakauru kaha i te mutunga o te tau kua rite. He tōwārite tēnei kaupapa mō ngā kaiwhakahaere e hiahia ana kia eke ki ō rātou whāinga āhuarangi i te wā e whai kaha ana i te whakatinanatanga o ngā ratonga hiko ki te whānuitanga o ngā here o te whare.

Ngā Kaukau Tūāpapaku (g3, Hau Parurenga): Whaitua Hangarau me te Whai Tikanga

Ko ngā taputapu whakauru MV hou kaore e whakamahi i te SF6 kei te kaha ake te whakamahi i ngā kaupeka e tika ana ki te taiao pērā i te g3, he taumira huinga pāpaku fluoronitrile, tāngia atu ki te Air Tūpuna e kapi ana i te waihanga tāngata me te nitrohene. E ono tonu ana ngā kōwhiringa hou nei i te mahi i ngā wā katoa i te SF6 hau tārore i ngā āhuatanga whakamātau tūmata, engari ka iti ake te āwherawhera ki te whakarewa o te ao ki te 99% atu. Ko ngā whakamātau ki ngā tikanga pāpaku hau e whakaatu ana ko ngā punaha e whakamahi ana i te whakamātautau g3 ka tūturu i ngā tere whakaputa ki raro i te 0.5% ahakoa kei te whakahaere i ngā pēhi 30% ake i ngā here tāndem, ā, e whakaae ana ki ngā whakaritenga IEC 62271-203 mō te mahi. Me te hui a G7 e tōkiritia ana kia mutu te whakamahi SF6 ki ngā taputapu hou katoa i te 2024, kua tīmata kē te nuinga o ngā kamupene hauora o Ūropi ki te here i ngā taputapu SF6-kore i ō rātou kirimana hoko, me te waru ki te tekau e tohu ana i ēnei kōwhiringa hou ake ki ngā tuhinga tākoha.

Te Whakamāmātanga o te Ao me te Whakaitinga i te SF6: Te Whakapākehātanga o ngā Ture F-Gas me te Kōwhiringa Kyoto

Kua whakanoinoia e te nuinga o ngā whenua, e tōkau mā whā mai anō hoki, ngā whakamahinga SF6 mā te whakahōhonu ake i ngā ture F-Gas me ō rātou wherenga ki te Kōwhiringa Kyoto, ki te whakaiti i ngā whakaputanga ki te toru tekau mā whā pea i mua i te tau 2030. Kei Europi, kua whakakapihia e ngā whakapākehātanga hōu mai i te tau 2024 te SF6 mai i ngā punaha tāpatoru hiko hiko e 52 kilovolt, teitei ake rānei. Kei anamua hoki i Tiamani, ko tā rātou whakapākehātanga hōu GB/T 11022-2023 e here ana i te whakamahi i ngā tikanga kōkiri ina whānui ake te tūāpapa hiko o te tāone. Kua whakapiripiria ngā kaihanga ki te whakawhanake, arā, kua eke te kīmihia o ngā tāpatoru hiko kore SF6 ki te kotinga o te tau tata nei. Kua noho ko ngā huinga hangarau hōu nei te tikanga noho, e mahi tika ana i roto i ngā tauira vōtea mai i te 12 ki te 40.5 kilovolt.

Tatauranga Tauira: Te Hokinga ki te GIS Kāore he SF6 i te National Grid UK

Kua whakakapia e National Grid UK ngā 145 waeine SF6 GIS ki ngā punaha tiakina hau tāwhai i runga i ngā 12 pāpaku hiko, e whiwhi ana i ngā āwhina:

• Ko te whakaiti i ngā whakaputanga SF6 o te tau o 18 tana
• ko te utu tiaki kua heke kia 30% i runga i te whakahaere hau whakaiti
• 25% te tere ake o te whakauru na te hanga takotoranga
  I te mōhio i muri i te whakauru kua whakapumautia te wātea o te 99.98% i te wā e hiahiatia ana te nui, e whakamana ana i te whirhakangia o ngā punaha kore SF6 ki ngā hongere tuku matua.

Te ara arataki mō ngā Kamupene Wāhi: Ngā Tukanga hei Whakauru MV Switchgear Kaitiaki

Kia māmā te huri, me whai hui ngā kamupene ki te:

1. Whakaaturanga o ngā Uara o te Wā Ora whakauru i te utu hiko me te whai tikanga roa
2. Ngā kaupapa hāngai whakauru i ngā pātene hiko hau ki ngā waeine SF6 kei te wātea
3. Mātauranga kaimahi mō te whakahaere me te aroturuki i ngā kāhua whakakaha
4. R&D Ngāwhai me ngā kaihanga hei whakarahi i ngā kaha o te taputapu whakaeke kauta ki te 72.5 kV
   Ko ngā kaiwhakamahi tuatahi e kii ana mā te 5–7 tau ka utua anō e ngā whakarewa aronukunga kua whakakorea me te iti ake i te whakahaerenga.

Ngā Tikanga Tīpako me te Whakapono mō te Taputapu Whakaeke MV kei ngā Kaupapa Tūmatanui

Nga Tuhinga Matua: Te Tōmua Tōmua, Te Kaha Tāngata, me te Whakamaru IP

Kei te tīmata tīpako i te taputapu whakaeke MV ki te toru tikanga matua:

• Te Raupapa Ake o te Hiko me nui ake i te 15–20% o te whakahaere tōmua i runga i te IEC 62271-200
• Kaha Kauta Tōtika me ōrite ki te taumata whakapōpō motuhake e āhua haukoti ana i ngā wā whai whakauru
• Ko te rōpū tiaki IP (hei tauira, IP54) kia kaha te here ki te kōngahu me te wai i ngā tikanga kaha

I tētahi rangahau 2023 mō ngā takotoranga takutai, i kitea ko te 62% o ngā whakapōkai pātete i pa ki te iti o ngā tātai tātata, e tohu ana i te nui o te whakatinanatanga pūkaha.

Te whakapā ki te Ora (LCA) mō te whakarite hui tūturu

Ko ngā whakakaha anō e āki ai te utu katoa o te whakauru ki te 25 tau. Ko te pātete karaihe hiriwa e whakarato ana i te 18–22% iti ake te utu o te ora kia māmā ake te uru ki ngā wāhanga me te iti ake te wā kua tāponia i te wā o te whakatika.

Te whakamātau: Ngā Whare Pāpaku o Ngā Tōtika Hau Tākutai me te Tīpako Tūturu

I te tōtika hau takutai o te Moana o te Raki i whakapai ake i te wā e 41% i muri i te whakakī i ngā pātete MV e āki ana i ngā pūnaha whakakaha hei tautohu i ngā nuinga o ngā 2.5 mita. I whakapumaua te mahi tūturu i tētahi o ngā taiao takutai kaha ake.

Whakapai ake i te Whaimana: Te Whetawheta o te Whakapae me te Whakahaerenga Whakamua

Ko te taputapu whakamaru MV hou e whakapai ake ana i te haumaru me te wātea mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whaimana rua:

1. Te whakawā kei te whakapae kua whakamatauria ki IEEE C37.20.7 (e taea ana e mau 40 kA mō te 500 ms)
2. Te arotake tūmahatanga mā te IoT , e iti ake ana i ngā wā tārore e 57% mā te tautuhi whakamua

Mahi i te Kāpea: Ngā Whakangao Huinga Whakamahi ATR (Ahitereiria)

Kei te rohe Pilbara o Ahitereiria, ko te taputapu whakamaru ATR hau-wātea i whakauria te wātea o te 93.6% ahakoa ngā tikanga tino ririhau—ngā wāhi e pā ana ki te 50°C me ngā kōtiro pāpaku e pā ana ki runga i te 15 mg/m³—ka whakamātau tēnei i tana kaha ki ngā whakamahinga hiko hāngai.

FAQ

He aha te taputapu whakamaru MV ka tino whaimana ai?

Ko te taputapu whakamaru tōke (MV) he mea matua ki ngā pūnaha whakauru hiko, e whakamoemiti ana i ngā mahi pērā i te wehenga hiko, te arangu i ngā ngoikera, me te whakahaere i ngā utu. Ka tiakina hoki te whaimana o ngā whakamahinga matua pērā i ngā whare hauora me ngā pūnaha raraunga.

Pēhea te whakapai ake i te tūmanako-tia e te Whakauru Whakahaere Matihiko?

Ko te Whakauru Whakahaere Matihiko e whai pūkenga whirihau whai mōhio e whai wāhi ana, e āki ai te tūhono whakatika. Ko tēnei e iti iho ai te tāwhai kore e 45%, e ngā ripoata huihuinga e whakaatu ana.

He aha ngā aronga taiao ki te kaha SF6 e whakamahia ana i ngā punaha GIS?

Ko te kaha SF6 he whakapāhunu hohonu ki te ao, he 23,500 ngā kaha ake i te CO2. Kei te herea te whakamahi i ngā rautaki, e hiahiatia ana ngā kōwhiringa e āwhina ai i te taiao pērā i te hau maru me te nitrohine.

He aha ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i te Whakauru Whakahaere Hau (AIS) me te Whakauru Whakahaere Kaha (GIS)?

Ko te AIS e whakamahi hau noa e whakawāhi ana, e hiahiatia ai te wāhi nui ake, i te wā e whakamahi SF6 kaha ana te GIS he iti ake te rahi engari he utu nui ake. Ko te GIS te nuinga o te wā e whiriwhiria ana mō ngā wāhi e iti ana te wāhi, i te wā e tōmua ana te AIS mō ngā tāone ā-motu.