He aha ngā mea e pa ana ki te māia o te kawhiri tukutuku ahumahi me te ora?

Ngā Tikanga Matua o te Ihi o te Tiriti

Te Mārama ki te Ihi o te Tiriti: Te Hiko Tūora vs. Ngā Uara

Kei te ine te ihi o te tiriti i te aha rawa pea ka hurihia te hiko tūora kei te tīmatanga ki te hiko tūora kei te mutunga. Ahakoa te mahi pai, ahakoa ko ngā tiriti hokohoko pai rawa e mahi ana i te 95–99% anō te ihi e hua ana i ngā uara nui. E toru ngā puna matua:

• Ngā Uara Hysteresis : Te hiko kua hāngai ki ngā matū mātātoko pērā i te karaihe hiko i te wā o ngā mātātoko takirua
• Ngā Uara Arorua : Ngā awelua e hāngai ana ki roto i ngā paparua mātātoko
• Ngā Ngaringa Koperu : Te hihiri whakapaku (I²R) i ngā pikoira i te wā e rere ana te maru

Ko te whakawhanaketanga ki te mahau o te 99% e here ana i te whakarerekenga tika o ēnei aronga ngari, pērā me ngā rangahau a te ahumahi.

Ngā Ngaringa Koperu me Iona: Ngā Puna, Te Ingoa, me Te Pānga ki te Rangahau

Ka pāngia ngā turuturu e rua ngā momo ngaringa matua e hāngai ana ki te kīkanga rerekē:

Ko ngā hinga karu (copper) te matua hinga i raro i te uta katoa, ā, ko ngā hinga i te iroa e 20–30% o ngā hinga katoa i ngā uta iti ake. Ko ngā pūtau hou o te mētara amorphous e penapena ai i ngā hinga i te iroa ki te 60–70% mō te iroa silikōn arataki, ka whakanui ai i te mahi katoa.

Te Huinga Utu me ngā Tūranga Mahi Kīrehe e Pa ana ki te Mahi

Ka tū te mahi tino pai i waenganui i te 50–70% uta, kei reira e toronga ana ngā hinga karu me ngā hinga i te iroa. Ko te mahi i te ao whai pānga he uaua ka pakaru ai te mahi:

• Te uta mātātoko e āwhina ana i ngā korikori māmātia e te wera
• Ngā panoni o te tohatoha e whakapakari ana i ngā hinga hysteresis kimihia 5–8% ia 1% te nuinga o te tohatoha
• Ngā uta richi-harmonik e whakāwhawha ana i ngā ngaru mate o te waiata

Ko te pūpahi tūmatanui e āwhina ana kia pupuri i ngā hua uta maori, ā, ka aronga hoki ki ngā whakapaunga uaua mai i te hiahia kōpiki.

Ngā Mātai Matua me te Hoahoa: Te Pānga ki te Mahi Uaua me te Ora

Te Iharaira Hirihi ki ngā Mātai Kaha Mātai: Te Mahi Uaua, te Hysteresis, me ngā Ngāwari Eddy

Ko te momo mātai matua e whakamahia ana he nui te pā ki te mahi uaua o te punaha katoa. Ko te iharaira hirihi noa ka pakaru pea i te 1 ki te 2 ōrau o te hikoheke mā te hysteresis, ā, mā ēnei haerenga eddy hoki. Engari ko ngā karaihe mātai amorphous he rerekē te kōrero. Kei a kēnei ngā matū he tohu tūhono kore-tūmatua e iti rawa ai i ēnei ngaru, e te 60 ki te 70 ōrau. Tino e taea ana e ētahi tauira hou kia eke ki te 99.3 ōrau o te mahi uaua ina tu ana rātou. Engari kei reira tētahi take—kua maroke ngā karaihe motuhake nei, ā, he nui ake te utu, nō reira me ākiaki tino ahatia e ngā kaihanga i te ao hua.

Hoahoa Whakapiko me te Ītika: Te Pānga ki te Mahi Māmā me te Roa Ora

Ko ngā piko kōpara e māia ana hei whiringa mō ngā hoahoa kauhua nā te iti ake o te ītika, e 40% pea i te iti ake i ngā kōpae rino. Āniania ana e ngā hōhā atamira hōu pea, pērā i ngā tohu pūpahi pūpahi, te iti iho i ngā raru tata me ngā wāhi hau kapua. E whakaatu ana ngā tūhuratanga mā te nui ake i ngā kaiwhakawhiti 12% i te roa o te wāhi, kaheka ai te 14°C te iti ake o te wāhi mahi. Ko te iti ake o te wāhi tēnei ka whai wāhi te taputapu i te wā roa ake e ono ki te waru tau e ai ki ngā paerewa mō te wāhi māmā i tautapa e ngā aratohu IEC 60076.

Te Kounga o te Matērihi me te Hoahoa Āhua hei Kaitaunaki i te Whakapono Roa

He nui te whai wāhi o te tika i te hanga whenua ki te pēhea te mau tonu o ngā mea i te wā roa. He nui ake te take o ngā pakanga iti i te nuinga o ngā tāngata e mōhio ana. Tirohia ngā kōpiko iti nei i ngā tapa o ngā rāwekenga, i ngā wāwā hau e kore nei e ōrite ana i ngā pīra. Ka taea e ēnei raranga iti te piki ake i ngā ngaro wāhi noa ki te 20% e ai ki ngā tinihanga IEEE mai i te tau 2022. I kitea hoki e ētahi tāruatanga ā-taiao he mea hou. Ko ngā huri-kaha i hangaia ki te 0.23mm teka matotoru ai te roa o te wāhi noa i mua i te tohu i te warewarenga i te 32% tata ki ngā rāwekenga 0.3mm noa. Me kaua hoki te wareware i ngā hononga kapa reihana. Ina pai te hanga e ngā kaihanga, kaitea atu te wāwā hau mai i te 90%. He iti ake te hau, he iti ake te urutomo rere, e hua ana ki te mahi pai ake i te katoa.

Ngā Whakapae Tauwhitinga I Waenganui i Ngā Mātaiti Rangahau Teitei me Te Utu Hangarua

Ka taea e ngā pokapū amorphous te tapa i ngā utu mōhinu o te wā poto pea kia $18k e ai ki ngā nama a DOE mai i te tau ki muri, engari ko ēnei penihana ka tūhono atu ki tētahi utu. Ko te whakaurunga tuatahi he rāwekenga 2.3 ngā wā i te mea arataki, e kino ana hoki ki ngā tātai ROI mō ngā whakaritenga e kore nei e whakahaere i ō rātou taputapu tonu i te tau. Mā te titiro ki ngā rangahau hou ake i 2024, i kitea e ngā kairangahau ko te 6,300 haora o te whakahaerenga tauwaru e hiahiatia ana kia āki ai ngā penihana mōhinu i te utu hoko taipua. Mō ētahi atu pakihi e pakaria ana i waenganui i te whakamahi hangarau taugata me ngā here here muramura, ko te whakakotahi i ngā matapae amorphous me ngā turuturu paraihe arataki ana he aronga tika i waenganui i te mahinga me ngā here moni.

Te Paemahana Whakahaere me te Kawa Tūpoto ki te Ora o te Transformer

Te Aukati Paemahana o te Transformer me ngā Aronga Hot-Spot i Raro i te Panonitanga

Ina ua ngaro te wera i ngā piko kopura, he wera ka hua mai te I tapatoru R. Kei te uru hoki ngā ngaro o te corei i te wā kotahi ki ngā hauhake hysteresis me ngā wera kōpūpū ēnei e herekore ana. Mō te nuinga o ngā inihiniara, ko te wāhi tino kino rawa mō te whakaputanga o te wera kei te waenganui o te piko. Ka karangatia tēnei wāhi ko te 'hot spot' nā te mea kua pakaru kei reira, kāore he ara e puta ai te wera. Anei te take e nui ana tēnei: mēnā ka taea e tātou te whai whakaaro i te aha e happening ana ki tēnei 'hot spot', ka whiwhi tātou i ngā mōhio hakinakina mō te roa o te ora o tā tātou whakapainga i mua i te hiahia ki te whakakapi.

Kei te whakahaere anake 10°C teitei ake i te temperaturara tikanga ka paremata te ora (IEEE C57.96), e tohu ana i te nuinga o te whakamaroke tika me te whakahaere uta.

Te Pānga o te Wera me te Tauira Arrhenius: Te Tātai i te Itinga o te Ora

Whakaatuia ana e te tauira Arrhenius ko te whakaroa o te whākī tēpēranga ka rua noa ngā wā mō ia hikuinga 10°C i runga ake i te wāhi tūmatanui, ka pakaru te ora o te huriwhenua ki te haurua (IEC 60076-11). Ka pā tēnei hononga whakareretanga ki ngā akirika katoa o te whākī:

Mā te pupuri i ngā wāhi 10–20°C i raro i ngā tātaitanga mōhio ka roa ake te ora whakahaere mā 100–200%.

Te Tāpiripiri, Te Awarua Tūmatakura, me te Iti haere o te Rangahau I te Wā

Ko te tāpiripiri marino e āki ai te awarua tūmatakura. Ko te mahi ki te 120% o te mātai e piki ake ai ngā ngaro umanga 44% nā te eka I²R, ka huritau ake te pūmahara o te whākī, ka iti ake te rangahau mā 0.5–1.5% ia tau. I runga i te tekau tau, e taea ana e tēnei te heke iho mā 15–20% te rangahau, me te iti ake i te ora mā 30–40%.

Tūhuratanga Take: Ko te Whakawhitinga Tūmatakura nā te Kāore i Te Whakahaere Tāpiri i ngā Tūmau Ahumahi

I pāngia te whare hua i ngā pakaru o ngā kaihuri i mua i te 12 tau—tēnei he iti ake i te ora hoahoa e 25 tau. I kitea i te akoako ko ngā taumata o ia rā i te 135% tā, ka tu ana ngā wāhi hauwera ki te 150°C, ā, ka whakauru te pakaru o te takotoranga. Ko ngā mahi whakatika ko te whakauru i ngā kaiwhakaatu mōrearea inaianei me te whakaiti i te kaha o te kītenga umanga 15%, ka hoki anō te aronga.

Ngā Pūnaha Whakamaroke me te Whakahaere Mōrearea Mōrearea

Ngā Tikanga Whakamaroke (ONAN, ONAF, OFAF): Te Maroke me ngā Whakarahinga Whakahaere

Ko te māia o ngā huarahi mātai rereke e hāngai ana ki te kitea i te takotoranga tika i waenganui i te aha me pēhea te mahi ake, me te pēhea te uaua ki te whakahaere. Hei tauira ko ngā punaha ONAN ēnei e hāngai ana ki te nekeneke tūmatanui a te hau, ā, ka taea te tata ki te 98.5% te māia ina arotake ana i ngā taputapu iti ake. Engari ka tīmata te tūhuratanga o ngā raru ina whakamahia katoa tonu ana i te wā roa. Kātahi ka tū a ONAF me OFAF e kawea mai ana e ngā parahuka hei āwhina i te tango i te wera pai ake. I rite tēnei ki te whakaiti i ērā wāhi wera harikoa e 12 ki te 18 gradepa Selsius mōhio atu ki ngā tohu ONAN tūmatanui e ai ki ngā tinihanga IEEE mai i te tau 2022. Ko te tino take kino heoi ko ēnei kōwhiringa hau whakakaha e whakamahi ana i te pikinga o te hiko e 3 ki te 8% ake pea, ā, mea hoki he nui ake te tirotiro me te tiaki.

Te Tūmanako o te Mātai i te Whakahaere i te Pikinga o te Paerangi me te Whakauru i te Māia

Ko te mātai e whakarāwekenga ana i te rereketanga o te paerangi, ā, ka mau te māia. Mō ia 10°C te itinga o te paerangi o te pae, ka iti ake ngā ngaro e 4–6%, e ai ki nga whaiaronga tauwhāinga . Whakamahia e nga turupairei huinga-kōpiko te mātātoko mataaho o te hinu kia tūhono ai ngā wero wero i te wero kāuta, ā, ko ngā turupairei maroke e horapa ana i te rere o te hau hei aukati i te pā ki te takotoranga.

Te Manaaki Tuhuratanga me te Tiaki Mōrearea mō te Tautohe I Mua

Ko te tirotiro i ngā wero wero o te hinu ki runga o ngā turupairei tahi me te tātari i ngā kīma rerehua e āwhina ana kia kitea ngā raru pērā i ngā tātenga hautau, i ngā take e tipu ha ana. E ai ki te rangahau a CIGRE i te 2021, ko ngā kamupene hiko e whakamahi ana i tēnei aronga ake ka kitea pea te iti ake o ngā whakamutunga kore-ā-tinana, neke atu i te 30% i ngā kamupene e tatari ana mō te wa e pakaru ana te mea. Anō he aha, ko te rapu inereti me te tirotiro i te wai kei roto i te hinu hoki. Āwhina ēnei tikanga kia mutu ngā pakaru mā te kite i ngā wāhi rerehinu, i ngā tohu o te whakaputangia rānei mua i te wa e tino kino ai, ka pakaru hoki.

Te Whakauru i ngā Kairāwekura Hihiri me ngā Tātari ki te Whakahaere Pūmahara Kāuta

Ko ngā kawhiri hou e whai ana i ngā kaitirotiro mātātoko-ora ki roto anō i ngā piko mō te whai mōhio ki te wāhi taima. Kia rite ana ki ngā rangahau mō ngā punaha whakamaru, ko ngā algorithimi āwhata e whakarereke ana i ngā tere ventilator mā te whai wāhi i ngā tauira tāpoi, ka iti ake te whakamahi i te hiko tuarangi 15–22%. Ko ngā tātai pūkenga-tārua e hono ana i ngā ngota wera ki ngā raraunga tūhuratia, e āwhina ana i te tiaki tikanga-mōhio me ngā ritenga roa-ora e ū ana ki te ±5%.

Ngā Hua a te Taiao me ngā Rautaki Tiaki mō te Roa-Ora

Te Waimarie, Te Hau, me te Whakapīpī: Ngā Tikanga Whakakeri i te Tāirua

Ko te noho ki te taiao e huritau ai te whakakeri o te tāirua. Ko te waimarie he take mō te hydrolysis i te cellulose, ka iti ake te kaha dielectric 60–70% ina neke ake te huamuri whakawhitinga i te 65%. Ko te hau he kākāhu mō te whakauru o te hinu, ka piki ake te waikura 8–12 ppm/tau ki ngā kapa e kore e pouaka (ASTM D3612). Ko ngā parahi me ngā papa metarahe e hanga ana i ngā ara tīkapa, ka piki ake te tere o ngā putangia haumanu 40% ki ngā taiao kirikiri.

Ngā Tikanga a Tāwhai: Hūmata, Whakaputangia, me ngā Rerekētanga o te Pauna

Ka piki ake ngā mōrearea e ngā tikanga a tāwhai hāhāwe. Ka āhua nui ake te kohoura i ngā wāhi taiwhenua i te kohoura e te parae, e toru rānei ngā wera e piki ake ai te porokoroko o ngā pekerangi ki te wāhi kei roto whenua. Ka piki ake te reka o te pepa i ngā rerekētanga o te hūmata i ia rā e neke ake i te 30%. Ki ngā wāhi hangahanga, ka poto ake te ora o ngā huriwhenua (4–7 tau) e te whakapae pāriri (>5 mg/m³) e pā ana ki te porokoroko o ngā taponga, e ai ki te pūrongo a NETA 2023.

Ngā Huriwhenua Kaukau ki te Huriwhenua e Wātea ana ki te Taiao i ngā Wāhi Hāhāwe

Ngā Tikanga Whakahaere Matua: DGA, Tāwhai Hiko, me ng Āta Kimihia

Ko te tāwhai hiko katoa (DGA) i ia whā-tekau mā rua wiki e tinihia ana te 87% o ngā panoni e tipu mai ana, ko ngā tohu matua ko te ethylene (>50 ppm) mō te wera tookeke, me te hydrogen (>100 ppm) mō te parahiko poto. Me tāwhai hiko i te tau ka whakapūmau:

• Te kaha tāwā ( >56 kV mō te waru poumu)
• Te ahunga takirua (<28 mN/m e tohu ana he whakapai ake)
• Te ihiihi wai (<35 ppm mō te hinu minera)

Ko ngā karu karurenga i ia haurua tau e tinihia ana te 92% o ngā waahi wera hononga i mua i te pakaru, e ū ana ki ngā tautohe o NFPA 70B.

FAQ

He aha ngā puna matua o ngā ngaro kaha i ngā kaihuri kaha?

Ko ngā puna e toru matua o ngā ngaro kaha i ngā kaihuri kaha ko ngā ngaro hysteresis, ngā ngaro au eddy, me ngā ngaro copper.

Me pēhea te whakapai ake i te mahiūtanga o te kaihuri kaha?

Ka taea te whakapai ake i te mahiūtanga o te kaihuri kaha mā te whiriwhiri tata ki ngā matērahi, ngā hoahoa pīrau whakapai ake, me te whakahaere mōrearea tino pai.

He aha te pānga o ngā take taiao ki te roa o te ora o te kaihuri kaha?

Ka taea e ngā take taiao pērā i te parurenga, hauora, kirihou, me ngā panoni o te wera te āwhina i te marere haupapa o te whakamarumaru, ka pā ki te roa o te ora o te kaihuri kaha.

He aha te take i whakamahia ai ngā kaiinenga mātauranga ki ngā kaihuri kaha?

Kua amohia ngā kaiinenga mātauranga ki ngā kaihuri kaha mō te tātai wera takirua-wā, me te whakauru ki te tiaki mōrearea mōrearea, e āwhina ana i te tātari māmua i ngā harware.

Me pēhea ngā panoni o te wera e pāngia ai te ora o te whakamarumaru o te kaihuri kaha?

E kore pea e mahi anō te wera 10°C ake i te wera whakarārangitanga ka wehe te rerekētanga o te ora o te whakamarumaru o te kaihuri kaha, e ai ki te tauānga Arrhenius.