He aha ngā paerewa haumaru e mea ana kia tutuki ai te MV switchgear?

Ngā Mōrearea Matua me ngā Tikanga Haumaru i roto i ngā Pūnaha MV Switchgear

Te Tautuhi i te Switchgear Medium Voltage me Tōna Horopaki Whakamahi

Ko te switchgear MV e whakamahia ana i waenganui i te 1 kV ki te 38 kV, e whakahaere ana i te tukatuka hiko me te wehe i ngā hapa kei ngā tohunga ahumahi me ngā whatunga umanga. Ka whakamariea e ēnei pūnaha ngā rawa matua pērā i ngā turupaire, ngā motuka, me ngā kawe wae, e mahi ana i ngā tikanga pakuake i reira ka taea e te herenga o te waehe te whakahohe i ngā wāhi tuuturu.

Ngā Mōrearea Matua: Te Patunga Hiko me ngā Hapa Tira i ngā Pūnaha MV

Ko ngā tūponotanga o te patunga hiko i ngā pūnaha MV e pā ake ana i te 50 mA—tētahi rauemi māmā ai—ā, ko ngā take arca e hua ai te 80% o ngā whara hiko (NFPA 2023). Ka taea e ngā taputapu kua pakaru te tiaki hiko te whakawhiti i te nui o te hiko e ōrite ana ki te 14 kg TNT i te haronga arca 15 kV (IEEE 1584), e whakaatu ana i te hiahia ki ngā tikanga haumaru matatini.

Tūnga o ngā Paerewa Haumaru Hōu mō te Tukutuku Whakahaere i te Aukati i ngā Herenga

Kei ngā paerewa pērā i IEC 62271-1 me ANSI C37.20.1 te herea i ngā whakamātautau dielectric mātai mātai, ā, ka whakakaha i ngā rohe herenga tau e iti ake ana i te 0.1%, hei aukati i ngā take pīroiroi pērā i te whetuwhera o Teksas 2022 i āhua ai e ngā hononga papaauau kāore i whakamātauria.

Ngā Matapae Matua mō te Hoahoa Haumaru: Te Whakamau, te Wehenga, me te Poukaha

E toru ngā matapae matua e arataki ana i te haumaru tukutuku MV:

1. Whakamahana : Me taea e ngā matērau takitahi te herekenga o 200% o te uara inaia (IEC 62271-200)
2. Wehenga : Ka pakari ngā hereketanga tinana i te taraiwa o ngā hapa ki runga i ngā wā katoa
3. Poukaha : Ka aukati ngā pouaka mekanik i te urupare ki ngā wāhanga ora i te wā o te whakahaere

Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau hokohoko hou nei, ko te tukutuku whakahaere momotu, i whakamauira e te karutahi, e penapena ana i te nui o te kuwaha arc ki te 65% mō te kotahi ki ngā kapa tuku hau tawhito.

Ngā Paerewa Matua o Amerika ki te Raki: Whai mātai ki NFPA 70E, OSHA, me NEC

NFPA 70E: Haumaru Maha i te Wāhi Mahi me te Tātari Mōrearea Ārai Mate i te Tū ake o te Awhawa

Ko NFPA 70E-2021 e whakarātō ana i ngā tātari tauwaru mōrearea ārai mate mō ngā taputapu e pā ana ki te 240V nekehia, kei te pā te kaha mate i te 40 cal/cm² i roto i te 18% o ngā take MV. Ko te whakahōutanga 2023 e hiahiatia ana he rohe haumaru mō te takahi—hei waenga ko te 4 ki te 12 ōkioki e whānui ana ki te tohatoha—mō ngā taputapu MV katoa.

Tohu Mōrearea Ārai Mate me ngā Hiahia PPE mō te Mahi ki ngā Taputapu Whakawhitinga MV

Ko ngā whakahōunga a OSHA i te 2021 e hiahiatia ana kia kitea ngā tohu mōrearea ārai mate e whakaatu ana:

• Ngā rahi o te kaha mate (1.2—100+ cal/cm²)
• Te kāwai PPE e hiahiatia ana (1—4 e ai ki ASTM F1506)
• Ngā rohe tuwhera here

Mō te mahi ora ki ngā taputapu whakawhitinga MV e pā ana ki te 1 kV nekehia, ko te PPE Kāwai 4 e waro ana i te 40+ cal/cm² te mea manawataki. Ko ngā tohu tika e heke i te 72% ngā mate mōrearea ārai mate ki ngā taiao hanga, e ai ki te Ripoata Mate i te Wāhi Mahi a NFPA 2024.

OSHA 1910 Waehe S me te Panui NEC 110: Tautoheke, Whanui, me ngā Tautuhinga Tiaki

Ko ngā ture o te United States e whakaratohia ana i ngā wāhi noho mō te taputapu MV:

E hiahiatia ana te whakamātau ā-kiko ia 3—5 tau mō ngā taputapu MV i ngā taiao koroi e rerekē ana ngā paerewa.

Te Whakauru me NEMA SG-4 mō ngā Kaiwhakahaere MV me te Arataki ki ngā Ture o te United States

Ko te whanaketanga a NEMA SG-4 2022 e arataki ana i te hoahoa kaiwhakahaere motuka MV ki NFPA 70E, e hiahiatia ana:

• whakapaerewa 150% mō ngā punaha 5 kV
• Ngā ara wera-aunoa mō ngā pūngao kapaita
• Whakapūakitanga rua-i-te-tau (pito whakamātau 120V/480V)

Ka whakarite tēnei kia arataki ki ngā here panui taputapu a OSHA i raro i te 29 CFR 1910.303 me ngā ture toetoe a NEC. E hiahiatia ana e ngā tīma tiwhikete tuatoru ināianei te arataki ki NEMA SG-4 mō ngā kaiwhakahaere MV e luwhiwhi ana i UL mō ngā whakaurunga hokohoko.

Ngā Paerewa Iritinia me ANSI/IEEE mō te Hoahoa Taputapu Hiko-a-Rua

IEC 62271-1 me IEC 62271-200: Ngā Tono Whānui me ngā Tono Taputapu Hiko-a-Rua Kiri Kōhatu

Ko te tūranga IEC 62271 te kaiārahi i ngā paerewa o te ao, me IEC 62271-1 ko te whakawhitinga whānui me te IEC 62271-200 e whakarātō ana i ngā here whai mō ngā pūnaha kua kuhu ki roto i te metara tae atu ki te 52 kV. Ka tiaki ēnei tīmata kia pakari ki ngā aukati takirua hāngai, ā, ka here i ngā whakamātautau ārai arca—me tino ora tonu te takotoranga o waho i ngā hapa o roto mō te 0.5 hekona kāore e popo.

ANSI/IEEE C37.20.1 me C37.20.2: Ngā Tūmanako Whanonga mō te Switchgear Kua Kuhu Ki te Metara me te Switchgear Kua Piri Ki te Metara

Ka tāroihia e ngā kaupapa o North American ANSI/IEEE C37.20.1 mō te switchgear kua kuhu ki te metara me te C37.20.2 mō te switchgear kua piri ki te metara. Koira ēnei e tohu ana i te whanonga rū whenua (tēnei tae atu ki te 0.5g) me te here i te au hapa (40—63 kA mō ngā 15 cikara). I tētahi pūrongo a International Electrotechnical Commission i te 2023, i kitea ko te 78% te ū ōrite i waenganui i ngā taumata haumaru matua o IEC me ANSI/IEEE, ka āwhina i te whakawhitinga kotahi i waenganui i ngā motu.

Whakamātau Whakaritenga me ngā Whakamātautau Momo ki raro i ngā Tukanga IEC me IEEE

Whakamātai ngā maama tahi tuatoru i te aronga tru mā:

• IEC 62271-100 : Ngā whakamātautau pānga kiko atu i te ahua tuarangi o te wae tutuki
• IEEE C37.09 : Whakamātautau takirua hautautau ārai-mira i raro i te takotoranga haurangi kino rawa

Me whakaoti ngā kaihanga i ngā whakamātautau momo 14 (IEC) i ngā whakamātautau hoahoa 23 (ANSI/IEEE), tae atu ki te whakamātautau huaki wera i roa i ngā waahanga e amio ana i te wae.

Ngā Tahumaero a te Ao me ngā Rerekē Matua kei waenganui i ngā Paerewa IEC me ANSI/IEEE

Nō reira 63% o ngā papa tinihanga whakamahi paerewa IEC mō ngā kaupapa hou (EnergyGrid Insights 2024), ko ngā kaiwhakahaere i North American e pupuri ana i te ANSI/IEEE mō te hononga tuku iho. Ko ngā rerekē matua ko:

Ko ngā whakapāhunu herekore e kitea ana i te paerewa IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013 (2015) mā te toronga tohu-rua, e uru ana ki te 85% o ngā tikanga tātari aratau kōwhiri kaiwhakana.

Tātari, Whakapūakitanga, me te Whakapūakitanga Mōhio mō te MV Switchgear

Tātari Dielectric: Te Ineiwhiwhi Inei me te Tātari Painga Rahi (Hi-Pot)

Ko te tātari dielectric ka tiaki i te kaha o te ineiwhiwhi mā te whakamahi i ē rua mātua huarahi. Ko te tātari ineiwhiwhi e kitea ai te waimāriri, te paru rānei mā ngā megohmmeters, ko te tātari painga rahi (hi-pot) ka whakamahia pea kia 2.5x te pātene whakangāhau (hei tauira, 42 kV mō ngā pūnaha 10 kV) kia whakapūa te kaha o te dielectric. Āwhina ēnei tātari kia aukati ngā herenga mai i ngā piki ake a te matarangi, i ngā taraweti huri rānei.

Ngā Tātari Momo vs. Ngā Tātari Tikanga mō te Hanga me te Whakarāwekanga anō i te Switchgear

Ngā tāpiri tau e arataki ana ki ngā whakatūhuratanga pēhi IEC 62271-1; ngā tāpiri whakamātautau e whakapono ana i te kounga o te huinga. E hiahiatia ana ngā tāpiri motuhake mō ngā taputapu kua whakapai ake mēnā ka pakaru ngā whakapaipai ki te pānga ki te pānga anuanu rākau, ki te āhua rākau rānei.

Rāritenga UL me te Tiwhikete NRTL mō te Whakapono Whai mātai herehere

Whakamātauria e ngā Rārangi Whakamātautau Ā-Motu (NRTLs) ngā taputapu whakahoahoa MV ki ngā tīmataka pēnei i UL 891 me OSHA 29 CFR 1910.303, inea ai:

• Ngā ārai mō te paheke anuanu
• Te whai take totohu (<1Ω pēhanga)
• Ngā inenga takotoranga e tau ana ki ANSI/IEEE C37.20.1

Me whakaputa anō ngā tiwhikete ia 3—5 tau, i muri rānei i ngā whakapai ake matua. Ko ngā taputapu kua tiwhiketia e 63% pea ake ngā herenga i te kore i tiwhiketia (NEMA 2023).

Haumaru Whakahaere: Te Hanga Moni, Te Tiaki, me ngā Wero o te Whanaketanga Hou

Ngā Tikanga Haumaru mo te Whakapunga Moni hei Atawhai i te Whakauru Aituā o ngā Taputapu MV

Ko te whakapumautanga tika e stop ana i te taputapu mai i te hāpai kaha mōhio. Mō ngā mahi poto, he nui te take o ngā kit whakapumau kounga pai. Me āhua ake i te rahi o te mahi ngā kaperi me ngā kaiarahi kua whakaaetia e ASTM F855. Kei te tīmata pea te taputapu hiko hōu katoa inaianei ki ngā wāhi whakapumautanga hangarua. E whakaaore ana ēnei arataki haumaru i te tāngata e tū ake ana ki te taputapu kaore anō kia whakapumautia katoa. Kaua hoki e wareware ki ngā tirohanga noa. I ia tau, whakamahia te inenga i te herekenga e ai ki ngā paerewa IEEE 80 ki ngā panoni kei raro i te 5 ohms. Tirohia hoki mō te parurenga, āhuareka rawa atu mēnā kei ngā wāhi maroke te taputapu kei hea ka tere te paraikete. Ā, kia mahara, kāore ngā tikanga whakamarumaru tika (lockout tagout) he pukapuka anake. Kei te ture OSHA 1910.147 ngā take pono ina torotoro ana ki ngā mōrearea uku kua waiho.

Tirohanga Auaha me te Tiaki Whakamua e ai ki ngā Tikanga Pai o te Ahumāra

Ko te tiaki aukati e whakaroa ai te ora o ngā taputapu hurihuri 15—20 tau, ā, ko te mōrearea i ngā mōrearea arcahi. Ko ngā tikanga e hoapai ana heoi ko ngā mea e whai ake nei:

• Te takotoranga inamata inarāwia ia 24 marama hei kite i ngā wāhi matawera
• Te whakamātau i te herekore whakapāpaku i ngā wā kāore he hiko hei tautoheke i ngā hononga e pāhemo haere ana
• Te whakapau hinu ki ngā taputapu mahi hei whakaiti i ngā herenga mekanikara

I ngā whare hanga e arataki ana i ngā mātai whakamahere NFPA 70E, ka heke te maha o ngā wā kāore he hiko 40%. Āwhina ngā taputapu matatau pērā i ngā kaiwhakamaori rerekētanga ahunga kia eke ki te 92% arataki ki ngā paerewa whakamātai NETA-MTS-2019, e ai ki te Rangahau Whakapono Hiko 2023.

Te whakatika i te Tautua Pūmahara e Pā Ana ki te Arataki Haumaru Kua Oti Te Whakauru ki ngā Paerewa Haumaru Switchgear MV ō nāianei

He nui ake i te 65% o ngā punaha MV o Amerika ki te Raki e neke ake i te 30 tau te pakeke, ā, e wātea ana ngā wero ki te tutuki i ngā here haumaru hou. Ko ngā rautaki whakapai pai ko ngā mea e whai ake nei:

1. Te Whakapai Ăhua : Te whakakapi i ngā kātata maroke hinu ki ngā momo SF6, ki ngā kātata parahau rānei i roto i ngā pouaka kei reira anō
2. Ngā Whakapai Arataki : Te tāpiri i ngā aukati ā-ahunga me ngā karu pūhara kia puhoi ai te toki mō ngā taputapu i mua i te tau 1980
3. Te whaiwhai haumaru mō te ipurangi : Te whakapai ake i ngā reri ki ngā tauira e whai tikanga ana ki IEC 61850 me ngā rereketanga uru

Ko te whanaketanga takitahi ka iti ake te utu 34% i te whakakapi katoa, ā, ka taea te arataki ki ngā tohu arc flash e whai pānga ana ki NEC Matatapu 110.16, e ai ki te pūrongo EPRI 2024.

Ngā Pātai Tāpiri

He aha te roanga o te volta e ama ana te taputapu MV?

Kei waenganui i te 1 kV me te 38 kV te mahi a te taputapu MV.

He aha ngā tūkino matua kei roto i ngā punaha taputapu MV?

Ko ngā tūkino matua ko te patunga hiko e nui ake ana i te 50 mA, me ngā tahumaero, e mau ana i te 80% o ngā whara hiko.

He aha ngā tīmataka haumaru matua mō ngā taputapu MV?

Ko ngā tīmataka matua ko IEC 62271-1, ANSI C37.20.1, NFPA 70E, me OSHA 1910 Tīmata S.

Me pēhea e pupuri ai ngā whakarahinga i te haumātao o te MV switchgear?

Me whakahaere ngā whakarahinga i te manaaki aukati tinihanga, ngā whakamātautau dielectric, me te whai i ngā tīmeti a te ahumāra ki te heke i ngā raru.