Kedu iwu mmegbu ike ndị MV switchgear dị mkpa?

Ihe dị njọ kachasị na ndime ndozigharị n'ime Sistemu Switchgear MV

Ịkọwa Switchgear Na Mp3 Na Mmetụta Obodo Ya

Switchgear MV si eme ihe n'etiti 1 kV na 38 kV, imebe ọnụego eletrik ma wepụ nghara n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na onyenwe eletrik. Sistemu a na-ejikọta ike dị egwu dị ka transformers, motors, na feeders, na-eme ihe n'ime ohere dị egwu mgbe njehie komponentị nwere ike imepepụta ọgwụgwụ isi.

Ihe dị njọ kachasị: Ngagharị Eletrik na Arụmọrụ N'ime Sistemu MV

Ndị na-eme n'ụzọ elekereke na mpaghara MV pụrụ ịbụ 50 mA—nkenke ihe pụrụ ife onwe onwe—mgbe obere oge arcing bụ ihe dị mkpa maka 80% nke njedebe elekereke (NFPA 2023). Ihe ngosi na-enweghị mmetụta dị mma nwere ike ịpụta ike dị ka 14 kg TNT mgbe e mere arcing na 15 kV (IEEE 1584), nke na-egosipụta agha maka ndepụta mmemme omume.

Ọrụ nke ndepụta mmemme omume ọhụrụ maka switchgear imepe ndekọzi

Ndabere nke IEC 62271-1 na ANSI C37.20.1 iwere nnukwu ozi dielectric na-enye akwụkwọ ọnụdịrị ikike kwa mbụ dị ala karịa 0.1%, nyere aka ịkagbu ụtụtụ ndị pụrụ iche dị ka ntụpọ Texas 2022 nke emechara site na ngwaọrụ busbar a amaghị ya.

Ndabere Ndabere Ndabere: Insulation, Segregation, na Interlocking

Igbo atọ bụ isiokwu ndabere MV switchgear:

1. Insulation : Ngwaọrụ composite ga-acha 200% voltage a pụrụ (IEC 62271-200)
2. Segregation : Ngwaọrụ fizikalị na-emejọpụta njikọrị dị egwu na-arụ ọrụ na-adaba na compartments
3. Interlocking : Ngwaọrụ mechinalị na-eziga ịbụ isi na sections dị elu mgbe arụ ọrụ

Switchgear modular, gas-insulated e mere ka enwere ike inwe ịgbasa arc flash site 65% karịa switchgear air-insulated nke oge ole, dịka e mereghị banyere usoro ndị ome.

Ndị Ndọrọ Ndọrọ Ocha Nkebe Na America: NFPA 70E, OSHA, na NEC Compliance

NFPA 70E: Mmetụta Elekere na Azụmahịa na Akụkọ Ikwuokwu Arc Flash

NFPA 70E-2021 ekpughe ịkwụ ọtọ akụkọ ikwuokwu arc flash maka ngwaọrụ nke dị elu karịa 240V, nke enwere ike mmụba ịdị elu karịa 40 cal/cm² n'ime 18% nke mkpuchi elekere MV. Ntụgharị 2023 ekwụ ụzọ mmepụta boundary ndị shock protection—nke ọma 4 ruo 12 feet dịka ọnọdụ voltage—for all MV gear.

Akara Arc Flash na Ndị Kwesiri PPE maka Ịrụ Ọrụ na MV Switchgear

Ntụziaka OSHA nke 2021 iwu akara ahụhụ okuku arc flash kọwaa:

• Ụkpụrụ ike mmụba (1.2—100+ cal/cm²)
• PPE category dị mkpa (1—4 per ASTM F1506)
• Restricted approach boundaries

Maka ịrụ ọrụ dị ka e bipụtara na switchgear MV nke elu karịa 1 kV, PPE Category 4 nke a maara na 40+ cal/cm² bụ iwu. Akara zuru oke na-adaba mkpuchi arc flash site 72% n'ime azụmahịa ndustrial, dịka edebere na 2024 NFPA Workplace Injury Report.

OSHA 1910 Subpart S na NEC Article 110: Nkwado, Ndabere, na Mmekọrịta Mbido

Ndị ome nke U.S. mere ndabere nke ụlọ ọrụ n'akụkụ MV switchgear:

A chọrọ nnukwu iji egwuregwu Dielectric maka ọkụ MV na mpiri ebe ndị dị iri na anọ - ise afọ site na ndabere abụọ.

Mgbakọ na mwepụ Na NEMA SG-4 maka Ndị Mee Ihe MV na Nnukwu Na Mmekọrịta U.S.

Njikọtara NEMA SG-4 n'afọ 2022 mee ihe MV nke ndị mere ihe ka OJU 70E, chọrọ:

• insulation 150% akụrụngwa maka sistem 5 kV
• Igwe mkpuchi otú nwere capacitor banks
• Nnukwu voltage mbụ (120V/480V test points)

Nke a na-enyere aka inye ngalaba OSHA maka ihe ngalaba dị na 29 CFR 1910.303 na ndabere NEC. Ngwugwu mkpụrụedemede ndị atọ ugbu a chọrọ ihe NEMA SG-4 maka UL-listed MV controllers na njirimara ahịa.

Ndabere na-aga n'ihu na ANSI/IEEE maka Mgbakọ na MWepụ MV Switchgear

IEC 62271-1 na IEC 62271-200: Ndabere Gburugburu na Metal-Enclosed Switchgear

Ndị IEC 62271 series sonye aka na mkpanaka gburugburu ebe obibi, site na IEC 62271-1 kpalie ihe ngalaba na IEC 62271-200 akwụkwọ akụkọ maka usoro meetal-egboro mgbe 52 kV. Ndị akwụkwọ a nyere aka ịkwalite ike na overvoltages nlebara oge ma wepụ ọnụọgụ arc containment tests—akụkọ egboro ga-aga n'ihu njedebe n'ime maka sekọnd 0.5 ma adaghị eru.

ANSI/IEEE C37.20.1 na C37.20.2: Kriterịa Mmetụta maka Switchgear Meetal-Egburu na Meetal-Klad

Ihe ndị e mere na North America dabeere n'ihe ndị a: Ihe ndị a bụ ihe ndị e ji mara ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe. maka metal-n'ime ụlọ na C37.20.2 maka ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe. Ndị a na-ekwusi ike na arụmọrụ ala ọma jijiji (ruo 0.5g) na nguzogide mmebi ugbu a (4063 kA maka okirikiri 15). Nkwupụta 2023 International Electrotechnical Commission chọpụtara na 78% kwekọrọ n'etiti IEC na ANSI/IEEE isi nchekwa benchmarks, na-eme ka ndakọrịta gafere ókèala.

Ntọala Nkwado Ọzọ na Ịgbasa Ihe Nlọ MGbe E Meputere IEC na IEEE

Ụlọ ọmụrị akara mgbanwe gbasara:

• IEC 62271-100 : Ịgbasa ike pụtaghachi mgbe ebe mkpọtụ aka ahụ dị n'akụkụ
• IEEE C37.09 : Ịgbasa ngwaọrụ kwado mkpọtụ aka n'ime obere oghere mgbe ebe mkpọtụ aka dị irè

Ndị onye ọrụ ihe ọma ga-eme 14 ịgbasa ihe nlọ (IEC) ma ọ bụ 23 ịgbasa ihe ntọala (ANSI/IEEE), na-emegharịla ntanetanetane nke ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ na-ejikarị.

Ebumnuche Ndị Oji na Ihe Na-Adabere N'etiti IEC na ANSI/IEEE

Mgbe 63% nke ụlọ ọrụ ndustri eji standard IEC mee ihe ọhụrụ (EnergyGrid Insights 2024), ụlọ ọrụ North American nwere ike ịkpachara ANSI/IEEE maka njikọta ochie. Ihe dị iche pụrụ iche bụ:

E nwere ike ịmata na ihe ngwọba n'akụkụ abụọ IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013 (2015), nke na-agbanyeghị 85% nke akụkụ testịng generator circuit breaker.

Ịrịba, Izuulọ na Ime ike maka MV Switchgear

Ịrịba Dielectric: Ịkụlụ Insulation na Ịrịba High-Potential (Hi-Pot)

Ịrịba dielectric na-egosipụta nke ọma nke insulation siteere abụọ. Ịrịba insulation resistance na-ejikarị megohmmeters iji detekta mmiri ma ọ bụ contamination, ebe ịrịba high-potential (hi-pot) na-enye voltage 2.5x karịa ebe ọrụ (dịka 42 kV maka 10 kV systems) iji kwe omume nke dielectric strength. Ndị ịrịba a na-akpali imechara nsogbu site na lightning surges ma ọ bụ switching transients.

Iru Ịrịba vs. Ịrịba Ndị Okenye na Mmiri Switchgear Manufacturing na Retrofitting

Ntulele usoro soro IEC 62271-1 njehie njehie; ntulele ndị dabere si mee aka ikpebi ogho ngwaahịa. Ngwa mgbakọ na mwepụ a na-agbanwe ebipụta ntulele usoro dịka e mere maka mmepụta ma ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa gbasara arc resistance ma ọ bụ dielectric performance.

UL Listing na NRTL Certification maka mmasị maka mmetụta omume

Ulọ ntule Nna Mburubị (NRTLs) si mee mkpali MV switchgear na standards dị ka UL 891 na OSHA 29 CFR 1910.303, na-anweta:

• Ndabere maka arc propagation
• Mkpali na mpali (<1Ω resistance)
• Njikọta nchịkọta maka ANSI/IEEE C37.20.1

Izugbe iwe ozi mgbanwe naanị mgbe 3—5 afọ ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị ya. Ndị na-ahụ maka iwe ozi nwere ịdịghị mma 63% karia ndị enweghị iwe ozi (NEMA 2023).

Mmehie Nchebe: Mbelata, Njikwa, na Mmechi Njikọtakịrị

Njikọta mmehie ike ime ka ọ dịghị ike imepụta ike na ngwaọrụ MV

Igwe mkpụrụ aka na-enyere ike ịdịghị ike imebi ike n'akụkọ. Iji mee ihe mgbochi, akụkụ mkpụrụ aka dị mma dị egwu. Ha chọrọ clamps na conductors ASTM F855 nyere aka ma ọ bụrụ na ha adịghị nta maka ihe. Otu ebe mbipụtara ike oge ohere nke ọma nke ochie nke ochie. Ezi uche ndị a nwere ngwaọrụ nzuzo nke enweghị ike ịbụ onye ọ bụla na-agba agba mgbe niile site na-eziga ya n'oge mbipụtara. Agha amaghị mmemme. Na afọ ọ bụla, chekwaa ntụpọ site na IEEE 80 standards na-achọ azịza n'okpuru 5 ohms. Lee maka iru, site na mpụga ebe ngwaọrụ dị na ebe ọjọ dị mma. Ma leekwa, ịnọchite anya njirimara lockout tagout adịghịkarịa akwụkwọ. OSHA regulation 1910.147 dịkarịa ihe omimi mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na ihe omimi ike nke e wepụrụ.

Njikwa Njikwa na Mmekọrịta Mmekọrịta Site na Mmekọrịta Mmekọrịta

Ịmekọrịta gburugburu enwere ike imepụta oge ndị na-eji switchgear site n'ime 15—20 afọ ma ọ bụrụka okirikiri arc flash. Ndị ekesịnụrụ nke a dị ka:

• Igwe thermography infrared karịa ọnwa abụọ na-abịa iji wepụta mpụga ụtụ
• Ịdịghị nke onye na-ejikarị testịng mgbe ọ dịla iji mara njedebe ndị na-ebute
• Ịgbapụta akụkụ na-agba ọsọ iji gbadozoro ifufe mechannical

Ndụmọdụ ndị na-arịọso ngwaọrụ NFPA 70E zuru oke, ha na-ekwu maka 40% ndị na-adịghị mkpa. Ngwaọrụ ndị na-akpali akpali dị ka partial discharge sensors nyere aka ime 92% n'ike na criteria inspection NETA-MTS-2019, dịka e kwuru na 2023 Grid Reliability Study.

Ịkpachara okirikiri ndị agbaghị akwụkwọ Mgbe Ịbawanye na Compliance Na Standard Mbuta MV Switchgear Mbụ

N'ime 65% nke sistemụ MV na America Ndị Nsụkari dị afọ karịa 30, nke mere mmeputa ikike ịkpali maara mbụtụ dị mma. Usosu efu efu dị egwu dị ka:

1. Modernization Ntachi : Ijikọta breaker ndị na-eji oil site n'ime SF6 ma ọ bụ vacuum types n'ime enclosures dị gị
2. Mmepụta Compliance : Iji akpụrụ-aka na-arịa oghom mkpuchi na ngagharị mkpuchi n'ime ihe ngagbukota maka afọ kama 1980
3. Nchikota Cybersecurity : Igbada dịdị iri na ihe ngagbukota dị ka ihe ngagbukota IEC 61850 nke na-enye aka na ikikere ikpuchi

Inweta ihe ngagbukota n'ụzọ dabere na usoro enweghị ike ịbawanye 34% dibu ihe ngagbukota niile ma na-enye aka mee ka o buru ibu NEC Article 110.16 maka itolite akara arc flash, otu ka e kwuru na ulo 2024 EPRI.

Ndị na-enye Zụm Zụm

Igwe mgbakọba MV pụtara ole okwu oghom?

Igwe mgbakọba MV na-aga n'etiti 1 kV na 38 kV.

Kedu ihe ndị dị ichepụta n'ime igwe mgbakọba MV?

Ihe ndị dị ichepụta pụtara njide elekere kachasị karịrị 50 mA na njide arc flashes, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ 80% nke njide elekere.

Kedu ihe ngagbukota ndị dị mkpa maka igwe mgbakọba MV?

Ihe ngagbukota ndị dị mkpa pụtara IEC 62271-1, ANSI C37.20.1, NFPA 70E, na OSHA 1910 Subpart S.

Keghachi mkpọrọ ọrụ na-akwado usoro ndị dị iche iche ike?

E beekwa akwado mkpọrọ ọrụ, mgbanwe ikike eletrik, na iji ebe nlegharị anya n'ime otu ahụ mmadụ iji wekọsa ohere.