Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā paparanga PLC e tino pai ana mō te whakahaere aunoa i te ahumahi?

Te mātauranga i te tuara o te rōl o ngā paparanga PLC i te whakahaere aunoa hou i te ahumahi

Ko ngā paparanga PLC i te tikanga ko te puku o te whakahaere aunohe ā-whanui inaianei, e tata ana ki ngā punaha reri tawhito i ū ki ngā wā o mua. Ka mahi tēnei mā te koha i ngā tohu mai i ngā katoa o ngā arataki kei te marae whare hanga, ka whakauru ki ngā hōtaka rautaki takitahi, kātā ka tuku whakahau ki ētahi atu kaiwhakahaere takirua noa. He tere rawa! Ko tēnei momo wā urupare tere e whai pānga nui ana ki te whakahaere i ētahi mea pērā i ngā raina whakauru, ngā waeine hāngai hiko, i ngā tūmau whakarerekē matū. E tūhono ana ki te moni tino nui – e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ko te iti noa o te roa i ēnei punaha e herehere ana i te rānei tekau mā whā tekau miriona tāra ia tau i ngā hua kore e ai ki ētahi rangahau nō Ponemon i te 2023.

Me pēhea e whakarato ai ngā Kainoho Rautaki Tautoko i te Whakahaere Tukutuku Wā-ora

Ko ngā PLC e mātai ana i ngā putake pērā i ngā inenga wera, ngā taumaha rānei, ka whakarārangitia ki ngā arataki kua tūhono kē, ka whakatika i ngā hua—pērā i te takotoranga o ngā paraihe, ngā tere o ngā motuka rānei—kore rawa te tāwhai a te tangata. I ngā toihana huinga, ka hāngai tēnei mātai ia 10–50 miriona heretahi, ka pupuri i te tika o te kawhi i roto i te ±0.5% kia tere tonu, kia ū tonu hoki.

Te Hurihanga mai i ngā Pūnaha Pāpori ki ngā Pānui Aunoa Ārautanga Mātau mā ngā PLC

I hiahiatia e ngā pāneli pāpori o mua te whakapiri anuanu mō ngā panonitanga mahi, ka aronga ai te wā tapaheke nui. Kātahi ka wehe tēnei waenganui ngā PLC hou mā te whakarerekē i te pūmanawa: i te toihana tukatuka kai, i iti te wā whakarāwekenga 83% i muri i te whakamahi aunoa ā-PLC. Ka iti anō hoki te matapakinga o ngā tuarā, ka tango moni tūhuratanga tae atu ki te 40%.

Tāpiri Tauira: Rārangi Huihuinga Aunoa mā ngā Pāneli Whakahaere PLC Kua Kotahi

I whakauru tētahi kaihanga motukā o Ōwhioma ki ngā paparanga PLC kua huinga kia uru atu ki ngā karu a te mātai hiriwa me ngā pūnaha herehere. I te whakaurunga i te 92% itinga hapa hononga, ā, i āki ai hoki te urupare noa atu o ngā kaitirotiro kounga, ka whānui ake te hua 22% i roto i ngā ono marama.

Te whakauru i ngā Whaitua Rīwhi PLC ki ngā Whāinga Whakahaere

Ko te whiriwhiri i te PLC tika kāore i te nuinga mō ngā taipitopito kei te pepa engari he toru ngā take matua: te huritau e whakarato ana i ngā mōhio, āhea ka taea e ngā taputapu input/output te tipi ake ina hiahiatia, me te āhua pai ki ngā tikanga whakawhitinga korero e wātea ana. Ko ngā papa mātai e whai wāhi ana ki ngā mea whakangāhau he tino hiahiatia te tiwhikete SIL-3 kia noho haumaru ai mēnā ka hinga tētahi mea. Mō ngā mahi pakihana tino marino e rere ana i ngā tere tino puhoi, ko te whiwhi i tētahi CPU e karapoti ana i raro i te 1 mirimitaheke ka whakarārangitia. Ko te tautuhinga takirua he take nui anō nā te mea ka taea e ngā whare e tipi ake ana i tō rātou papatono whakahaere i ia wāhi i te wā e huri haere ana ngā here o te whakaputa.

Te whakamātauranga i ngā Tūtohu Whaiaro me te Whiriwhiringa Komiti mō ngā Paparanga Riihi PLC

Te whakauru i ngā PLC, HMIs, me ngā Taputapu I/O ki te Herenga Herenga

He mea nui te whiriwhiri i ngā wāhanga e hāngai ana ki ngā hiahia o te tono i ngā tautohe kainenga. Mō ngā mea takitahi pērā i te whakahaere i ngā karaihe, ka āhua pai ngā PLC iti me te 8 ki te 16 takirua I/O. Engari ina tīmata mātou ki ētahi mea herenga pērā i te rārangi whakauru aunoa, ko ngā punonga e hiahiatia ana he nui ake ngā putanga kei te 300 ngā taputapu pea. Ki te kōrero mō ngā whanaketanga, kua whakawhitinga nui te HMI hōu. E ai ki te rangahau mai i te Ponemon Institute i te 2023, ka taea e ēnei atamira āhuarangi hōu te whakaatu korero 15 ki te 20 ōrau tere ake i ngā putanga tawhito. Koirā te tere e whai hua ana mō ngā kaimahi e mātai ana i ngā tikanga puutea i te wā nei, ā, ka urupare tika anō ia wā.

Te Tuku Kaha, Ngā Hiahia Ruuko, me te Whakapono Pūnaha

He mea nui ngā rama tuarua 24V DC DC e iti ake ana i te 1% te whara o te tohatoha mō ngā mahi tata ki te pūmahara. Ka whakapai ake ngā punaha hiko kua whakaaetia e UL 508A i te nohonga, ka heke te wā kore mahi mai i te 14 haora ki te 3 anake, ā, ka heke anō te wā whakahoki i ngā hapa mai i te 42 ki te 9 meneti, e whakaaturia ana i Tēpu 1:

Te Whakamahau i ngā Pūnaha Rarangi Reo e Wātea Ana

Ko te whakauru anō i ngā paparanga PLC ki ngā taiao tawhito—pērā i aua e whakamahi ana i ngā pātene PLC-5, Modicon rānei—me ngā kaihuri tikanga kia hono ai ki ngā whatunga EtherNet/IP hou. I tētahi rangahau papa hiko, i kitea ko ngā tatauranga ruarua-tauwae kua whakaurua 92% tere ake i ngā kōwhiringa takirua-huarahi, ka iti ake ngā whakatārewa i te wā o te whakapai ake i te pūnaha.

Tautoko mō ngā Reo Whakaritenga Paerewa (IEC 61131-3) me ngā Rangahau

Ko ngā paparanga PLC e whai ana i ngā paerewa whakaputanga IEC 61131-3 kaite te hapa whakakorikori mā te 63% tērā i ngā pūnaha motuhake (Pukapuka Aunoa Ahumahi 2023). Ko ngā taputapu takotoranga kua hangaia, tae atu ki te rerekētanga raraunga ora me ngā algorithima mō te tiaki ake i mua, ka kitea ngā raruraru pērā i te wareware o te mōhinī 30–50% ake i ngā tirohanga ā-ringa, ka pai ake ai te hauora roa o te pūnaha.

Te Hoahoa mō te Pakari, te Whānuitanga, me ngā Taiao Hākinakina

Me hoahoa ngā paparanga PLC kia mātatau ki ngā tikanga tino kino ake, i te tautoko i te tipunga roa o te mahi. Ko tōna hoahoa e pā ana ki te wā pūnoa o te pūnaha, ngā utu tiaki, me te āhua e taea ai te hurihanga ki ngā hiahia aunoa e huri haere nei.

Te Pakari ake i ngā Paparanga PLC Ki te Whakahaere i te Kaiwhakahaere, te Tōpiko, me te EMI

Ko ngā taputapu i ngā takotoranga arotakenga ka āhua tino pīroiroi ia rā. Ka taea e te wāpahi te neke mai i te -40 degree Celsius ki te 70 degree, ā, ko ngā mīhini hoki e noho ana i ngā tahumaero e pēra ake ana i te 5G. Anō he maha ngā whakaritenga pūngao parirau e puta mai ana i ngā mīhini nui e noho pātata ana. Ki te whawhai i ēnei wāinga, ka mātai ngā kaihanga i ngā pouaka kaha e hangaia ana i te hiriwa pokai rēwena, i te hiriwa moana rānei. E mahi pai ana ēnei matēria whenua i te wā e hono ana ki ngā tohu IP66 e pupuri ai i te paru me te wai, ānoa i ngā huarere hōhā. Mō te tōkangia tonu, e awhina ana ngā taunga pūkiki ki te tiaki i ngā wāhanga mai i te wareware i te wā roa. Ā, kaua e wareware te whakamarumaru EMI, e mahi ana hei pakipaki mō ngā wāhanga hiko matarohia. Whakamahia hoki e ētahi wāhi whakapaipa conformal tūwae rānei ki ngā paparahi wiri. Ko tēnei takotoranga atu e stop ana i te hunga kondiniti me te whawhai ki ngā pārāoa korikori e hiahia ana kia hui kia ngā wāhi pērā i ngā pūmahara tāraiwa i reira ka tino pīroiroi ai ngā taputapu ia rā.

Te Whiriwhiri i ngā Tohu (UL, CE, IP, ATEX) Mā te Āhuatanga o ngā Mahi

Ko ngā tohu e tiaki ana me te whai mātua i ngā ture mō ngā rohe me ngā ahumahi katoa:

• UL 508A : Me mate pea mō te haumātauranga hiko i ngā papamuri ahu whenua o Amerika ki te Raki
• Tohu CE : Ka whakaritea te aronga ki ngā tohutohu a EU mō te whakaaetanga (EMC) mōhinia
• IP69K : Mea herekore mō ngā whare wātea kai me inu e hiahiatia ana te tuanui whakapāwhara itūākea
• ATEX Zone 1 : Mea herekore mō ngā tūwae whakaputa hinu me te kāwe kiko atamira e mahi ana i ngā horonuku pāngahu

Mā te whakamahi i ngā papamuri kāore e ū ana—pērā i ngā pouaka IP54 tikanga tata ki ngā takotoranga whakakī rehu—ka mātau te haumātauranga, te pakaru o te taputapu, me ngā wehenga rākau.

Hoahoa Takirua vs. Hoahoa Tū: Te Whakaritenga mō te Whānuitanga me te Maruaroa i muri

Ka taea e te huri ki ngā paparanga whakahaere PLC ā-wīra te pehi i ērā nama tāpiri utu nui a muri ake nei, heoi anō i te 40 ki te 60 ōrau iti ake i ngā utu mō ngā pūnaha hoahoa kua tohua e te Arotake Whakahaere Ahumahi i te 2025. Kei a kēnei ngā paparanga ngā āhuatanga whai hua pērā i ngā hononga tuanui kore taputapu e pai ai te whakawhiti i ngā kāri whakawhitinga inoi i te wā e hiahiatia ana. Whakaarohia te whakawhitinga mai i ngā tikanga EtherNet/IP ki ngā tikanga PROFINET kāore he hiahia ki te ruapatu i te katoa o ngā raraunga. Ko ngā kapa tukatuka hiko i hangaia mō te whānuitanga, ka taea e ngā whare hua te tapiri anake i ngā taraiwa takirua horahora hou ake ā rātou hiahia hua whānui haere te tau. Ngā whare hua motokā e hiahia ana kia matotoru ki te whakauru i ngā kama IIoT e kitea ana e kēnei ngā tautuhinga ā-wīra he nui rawa te whai hua. Tuku ai e kēnei ngā kainoho ki te whakauru i ngā tata ki te irirangi me te mātauranga matakitaki tino māmā ake. Te mea pai rawa? Ka pakari ēnei momo whakahou i ngā wā tūmatanui noa i ngā wā tūmatanui, nō reira kāore he hiahia ki te kati i ngā raina hua katoa i te wā e mahi ana.

Ko te Whaiwhai me te Tūhononga: Te Aromatawai i te IoT, SCADA, me te Rere Māmā o ngā Raraunga

Ngā Tikanga Whakawhitinga Kōrero (Modbus, Profibus, EtherNet/IP) mō te Tūtohu Kotahi

Ko ngā paparorohiko whakahaere PLC o nāianei e horoi ana ki ngā tikanga paerewa pēnei i te Modbus, Profibus, me te EtherNet/IP kia taea e ngā taputapu rerekē te kōrero ki tētahi ki tētahi ahakoa ko wai te kaihanga. Me tīkangia ēnei tikanga hei kaiwhakamaori matua e taea ai e ngā PLC te whakawhiti kōrero me ngā taputapu katoa mai i ngā mātārai ki ngā kaihīkoitanga, tae atu ki ngā pūnaha waho. Ko te tikanga EtherNet/IP e takirua ana i te Ethernet noa me te hangarau TCP/IP, e āki ai i ngā tere raraunga e 100 Mbps neke atu rānei. He nui te take o tēnei tere i ngā whare hua tere kei reira me tino uru atu ngā māhinā ki te mahi tahi takitahi anō. Mō ngā whare hua e whakahaere ana i ngā kaupapa whakaputa tere, ko tēnei āhua whakarewa wā-ora te wehe i waenganui i te whakahaere māmā me ngā roanga utu.

IoT me te Manaaki Tāpahi i ngā Paparorohiko Whakahaere PLC Ō Aianei

Ēnei rā, ko ngā paparanga PLC hei pūwara ki te ao o te Industrial Internet of Things, e taea ai mā ngā kaihangarongo te whakatau raruraru i tawhiti, me te whakarite tiaki awhina i mua i ngā porokiti. Ko ngā kapa IoT i hangaia ki roto i ēnei punaha e kohikohi ana i ngā korero mō te aha ngā mīhini e taraweti ana, ngā wāhi e mahana ana, me ō rātou tau pūngao hoki. Ka tukuna ēnei korero katoa ki ngā tūmau kapua kei reira ka pakari ngā aratohu mātau e rapu ana i ngā tauira. E ai ki ngā rangahau hou mai i ngā tohunga whakahaere i te tau 2024, i kitea e ngā wharepaku i huri ki ngā PLC IIoT kua honoa he iti ake te 30% ngā whakamutunga kore e mōhiotia ana. He mea whai hua nui pea inā tukuna mō te whakapae raruraru i te tīmatanga, me te whakatika i mua i te nuinga o ngā ririhau e hāngai mai ana.

Te hono i ngā PLC ki te SCADA me te MES mō ngā Wherenga Tāpoi Rangahau

Ina honoa ngā PLC ki ngā pūnaha SCADA me ngā Pūnaha Whakahaerenga Whakanaetanga, ka uru katoa ki raro i tētahi parahuka whakahaere. Ko te wāhanga SCADA e kohikohi ana i ngā raraunga ora mai i ērā PLC e paingia ana i ngā rārangi whakanaetanga rerekē. I te wā e tango ana te MES i taua mōhio raweke, ka huri i a ia ki ngā inenga e mōhiotia ai e ngā kaiwhakahaere hei whakamahi mō ngā mea pērā i te tātai takirua, te arotake kounga hua, me te tirotiro i te pae o te mahi o ngā taputapu. Kua ripoata ngā papa whakanaetanga i hangaia tēnei whakauru ka tiki i ō rātou ringaringa ki ngā raru e 22% tere ake i mua i te wā i wehe ai ngā pūnaha. He aha tēnei aronga i te ao whai? Ko ngā whakatika tere ake inā hea tētahi mea, ko ngā whakatau pai ake hōhonu ana ki ngā tau ā-tinana kaua ko te whakaarotau, me te mutunga whakamua ake o ngā whakahaere i ia rā.

Te whakatau i te Tauine Tota o Te Whakahaere me Te Uara Roa-Tau o ngā Paparanga Whakahaere PLC

Ko ngā kaiwhakahaere tūmatanui e ware ana i ngā utu o te wāhi whakamutunga mō te ora mā te arotahi anake ki te utu tuatahi hoko. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ko te hoko e noho ana noa rānei 25–30% o te utu tino 10 tau mō tētahi paparanga PLC (TCO), ā, ko te wāhi e toe ana e whai wāhi ana te tiaki, te wā kore mahi, me te whakamahi uara (Pūrongo Ahumāra 2023):

Mā te whai i ngā paparanga PLC waenga ka tika pea kia 85 ōrau o ngā mea e mahi ana a ngā tauira matatau engari kia 60 ōrau anō pea te utu, arā ko te whai pūkaha mō ngā kamupene kaore he nui rawa te utu. Ko te mea e nui ai ēnei paparanga ko te hoahoa ka taea te whakamahi ki ngā wā e heke mai ana. Kei a rātou ngā tautuhinga I/O āhuahua me te papamahi e taea ana te whakahōutia trūnga pūnaha, ka iti ake ngā utu hoki e 40% ina mātaihia ki ngā pūnaha takotoranga tawhito e ai ki tētahi rangahau mai i te Pukapuka Mātai Pūnaha Aunoa i te 2023. Me kaua hoki te wareware ki ngā kirimite tautoko kaiwhakarato. Ko ngā kamupene e whiwhi ana ki te āwhina hangarau 24 haora e taea ana te whakatika i ngā raru matua tino tere ake i ētahi atu, i ētahi take ka taea pea te wehe tere ake 70%.

Ngā Pātai e Patai Pūnoa Ana

He aha te mahi matua o tētahi paparanga PLC ki te whakahaere pūnaha mātai mō ngā umanga?

Ko ngā paparanga PLC hei mea matua mō te whakahaere aunoamatua o nāianei, nā reira i tāwhai ai i ngā punaha rerihi tawhito. Ka whakarato i ngā tohu mai i ngā kaimātai, ka whakatinana i ngā hōtaka lojita, ka whakahaere i ngā kaiwhakahaere, e tuku ana i te pono me te maru ki ngā mahi pērā i ngā raina hui.

Pēhea te painga o te hononga IoT ki ngā paparanga PLC?

Ko ngā taputapu IoT kei roto i ngā paparanga PLC e āki ai te tātari ā remote me te tiaki whakamua. Ka tukuna ngā raraunga e pā ana ki te whakahaere māhinā ki ngā punaha kapua, e āki ana kia kitea ngā raruraru i mua i te putanga mai o ngā whakamutunga mātātoko, e muru ana i te wā noho umu ki te 30%.

He aha ngā painga o te whakamahi i ngā paparanga PLC takirua?

Wātea ana ngā paparanga PLC takirua, ā, ka penapena moni mā te whakaaetanga kia whakahou haere, kia hurihia anō ngā kaupapa here. Ko tēnei hoahoa ka muru i ngā utu whakahoutanga ki te 40-60% mō ngā punaha kua tohua, ā, ka tautokona te hononga māmā o ngā hangarau IIoT.

He aha te take e matua nui ai te kōwhiringa i te kaupapa here whakawhitinga tika mō ngā punaha PLC?

Ko ngā kaupapa here here tūhono pēnei i te EtherNet/IP e whakarite ana kia taea e ngā taputapu rerekē te wāwahi i te wā, e āki ai te tuku raraunga tere mō te tīmatanga o te raupapa hua i ngā taiao hanga tere.

He aha ngā tiwhikete e hiahiatia ana mō ngā papahui PLC i ngā ahumahi motuhake?

Ko ngā tiwhikete e whakarite ana i te haumātauranga me te arataki, ko UL 508A mō Amerika ki te Tonga, ko CE Marking mō ngā paerewa EU, ko IP69K mō ngā ahumahi kai, me ATEX Zone 1 mō ngā taiao pāngahuare i ngā takiwā hinu me te parirau.